ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
INVESTIGATION OF SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE MECHANISMS OF SOME EGYPTIAN WHEAT CULTIVARS (Triticum aestivum L.) INOCULATED WITH Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici USING CERTAIN BIOCHEMICAL, MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND SEM
Two greenhouse experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt, during two seasons (2012-2013 and 2013-2014) to study biochemical, molecular characterization and SEM investigation of susceptibility and resistance mechanisms of ten Egyptian wheat cultivars (Sakha 93, Sakha 94, Sids 12, Sids 13, Giza 160, Giza 168, Giza 171, Misr 1, Misr 2 and Gemmiza 11) inoculated with Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici fungus the causal organism of wheat powdery mildew.This disease one of most important diseases of wheat worldwide. Chemical and biological control methods are used routinely to control the disease. However, resistant cultivars are still the best control strategy. Consequently, characterization of susceptibility and resistance mechanisms is very important and required essentially. In wheat susceptible cultivars (Sakha 93, Sakha 94, Sids 12 and Sids 13), moderately susceptible (Giza 160), moderately resistant (Giza 168, Giza 171, Misr 1), resistant (Misr 2) and highly resistant cultivars Gemmiza 11) when inoculated with powdery mildew fungus, the percent of disease severity were significantly decreased in resistant cultivars compared with susceptible ones. Indeed the disease symptoms and electrolyte leakage were also significantly decreased in resistant cultivars. As well as levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide (O2·-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) significantly accumulated early 6 and 12 hours after inoculation (hai) in the resistant cultivars. Consequently, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX) enzyme activities were significantly stimulated at 24-72 hai. Significant increase of chlorophyll a and b concentrations was found. However, in the susceptible inoculated cultivars, the fungus was intensively colonized with huge quantity of conidia spores compared with the moderately resistant, resistant and highly resistant cultivars using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Molecular investigations using PCR (SSR) technique proved that the resistant gene Pm38 over expressed and accumulated in resistant cultivars not in susceptible ones. Expression of Pm38 gene was correlated with the resistance degrees. It can be recommended giving more attention to these new mechanisms of resistance to improve and find out new resistant cultivars which over expressed new resistant-mediated-ROS genes.
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_53305_97c00fa975731b8651076ea215fab719.pdf
2015-03-01
431
454
10.21608/jppp.2015.53305
Triticum aestivum L
Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
antioxidants
Resistant Pm38 gene
ROS
Y.
Hafez
hafezyasser@gmail.com
1
Plant Pathology Branch, Agricultural Botany Dept.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Kh.
Abdelaal
2
Agricultural Botany Branch, Agricultural Botany Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
EARLY ACCUMULATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES HAS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN NON-HOST RESISTANCE MECHANISMS IN LEGUME AND CEREAL PLANTS TO THE INCOMPATIBLE PATHOGENS
Most of plants under normal conditions are resistant to most of the incompatible pathogens (viral, fungal and bacterial infections). This is called ״non-host resistance (NHR) phenomenon״. It is very important to answer the question, why non-host plants are resistant? As a result of inoculation of legume (pea and soybean) and cereal (barley and wheat) plants with compatible and incompatible pathogens, strong resistance symptoms were observed in the non-host/incompatible pathogen combinations as compared with host/compatible pathogen combinations which showed severe infection (susceptibility). Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mainly hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2.-) were significantly increased early 6, 12, 24 and 36 hours after inoculation (hai) in the non-host plants as compared with host plants. Interestingly enough that the activities of the antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and peroxidase (POX) were not significantly increased at the same early time 6 - 36 hai in the non-host plants. However, these enzymes were significantly increased later on 48, 72 and 96 dai in the non-host plants as compared with host plants. It seems that early accumulation of H2O2 and O2.- could have a dual roles, first role is inhibiting or killing the pathogens early in the non-host plants, second immunization of the non-host plants by stimulating the activities of the antioxidant enzymes later on which thereby, neutralize the harmful effect of ROS and consequently suppressing disease symptoms. The author recommends giving more attention to these new mechanisms of non-host resistance particularly in relation to ROS levels and antioxidant activities which are very important for plant breeders and useful for finding alternative control strategies as well.
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_53306_29555393a633aa9743773b613a01c726.pdf
2015-03-01
455
472
10.21608/jppp.2015.53306
antioxidants
ROS
Non-host resistance
Legumes
cereals
Y.
Hafez
hafezyasser@gmail.com
1
Plant Pathology Branch, Agricultural Botany Dept.
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOME EGYPTIAN LEGUME VARIETIES TO THE INFESTATION WITH THE COWPEA BEETLE, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE).
The present investigation is carried out to evaluate the relative susceptibility of eight legume varieties to the infestation with the cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). The loss in grain weight and the percentage of infested grains were determined in choice and force infestation tests. The obtained results, either in the choice or non-choice infestation tests, indicated that, none of the tested varieties were completely resistant against the attack by the pest but their susceptibility to the infestation varied considerably. Regardless of legume variety, cowpea varieties showed high susceptibility to the infestation by C. maculatus. While, faba bean and lentil varieties were the least ones and chickpea varieties were found to be inbetween.
Cowpea variety (Dokki 331) was the most susceptible variety resulted in an average infestation level of 90.33%, and a maximum weight loss of 15.29 g/100 g seeds. However, lentil variety (Giza 370) was the least susceptible one with an average infestation level of 2.33%, and a minimum weight loss of 2.99 g/100 g. seeds. A significant positive correlation was found between the infestation of grains and weight loss (r= 0.94** - 0.98**).
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_53308_8a4371ccd7d07b52305e1c9749bb3979.pdf
2015-03-01
473
480
10.21608/jppp.2015.53308
Stored grain pests
legume varieties
Callosobruchus maculatus
susceptibility
M.
Mahmoud
1
Plant Protection Dept., Fac. Agric., Al-Azhar Univ., Egypt
AUTHOR
A.
Farghal
2
Plant Protection Dept., Fac. Agric., Assiut Univ., Egypt
AUTHOR
Y.
Omar
youssf@yahoo.com
3
Plant Protection Dept., Fac. Agric., Assiut Univ., Egypt
AUTHOR
R.
Hassan
4
Plant Protection Dept., Fac. Agric., Assiut Univ., Egypt
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE SEYCHELLARUM MEALYBUG, Icerya seychellarum (WESTWOOD) (HEMIPTERA: MARGARODIDAE) ON THE ORNAMENTAL PLANT, Hedera helix l.
The seasonal population dynamics and within- plant distribution of the seychellarum mealybug, Icerya seychellarum on Hedera helix plants was carried out at the Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University during two successive seasons, 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. Results of both seasons revealed that the highest numbers of nymphs and the total number of the pest were recorded during the last week of August. The highest percentages of the total monthly mean count (out of the total year count) were found to be 30.57and 33.24%, in August during the 1st and 2nd years, respectively. In addition, mealybug has four generations per year under the field conditions. The effect of weather elements on the pest population was also studied. Concerning the plant heights leaves and branches, the results indicated that the bottom portion had more insects than those of the middle or the top portions. As for the leaf surface, the lower surface sheltered more individuals than those of the upper surface. Leaves harbored a large number of insects than those of branches. Differences in seasonal patterns and within plant distribution should be considered in developing sampling protocols and managing plans for seychellarum mealybug control.
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_53310_7b3abea812a6fe4c7ab7f618943614af.pdf
2015-03-01
481
498
10.21608/jppp.2015.53310
Mealybug
Ivy
seasonal abundance
Assiut
Ghada
Mohamed
d.ghada1@yahoo.com
1
Department of plant protection, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
AN EVALUATION OF TWO TOMATO CULTIVARS TO INFESTATION BY CERTAIN INSECT PESTS
Field experiments were carried out to investigate the seasonal abundance and population dynamics of certain tomato pests viz.; tomato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), aphids (cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sülzer), potato leafhopper, Empoasca decipiens Paoli and tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) and evaluate the susceptibility of two tomato cultivars (Hybrid Super Strain BF1 and Super Crystal HYB) to the infestation with these pests as a major component of the integrated pest management in clean and organic agriculture that rationalize the unwise use of pesticides and accordingly producing safe food. Obtained results revealed that B. tabaci had 2-3 peaks of abundance during summer seasons 2012 & 2013 on both cultivars. Aphids and E. decipiens had 1-2 peaks each season. On the other hand, T. absoluta had only one peak during both seasons. Data also revealed the presence of negative and highly significant correlation between the population densities of all investigated pests and the numbers of non-glandular hairs on tomato leaves. The effect of nitrogen and calcium on all investigated pests was positive and highly significant; while the effect of potassium was negative and highly significant. The effect of phosphorus was positive and highly significant on all sap sucking pests on the cultivar Crystal HYB; while magnesium had positive and highly significant effect on the investigated pests on the cultivar Hybrid Super. The effect of iron, zinc and manganese was positive and highly significant and cupper was negatively affected these pests on both cultivars.
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_53332_6b242afb7dcf8486ef403380ca78259d.pdf
2015-03-01
499
512
10.21608/jppp.2015.53332
Bemisia tabaci
Aphis gossypii
Empoasca decipiens
Tuta absoluta
seasonal abundance
susceptibility
trichomes
Nutrients
Y.
Abdallah
1
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
AUTHOR
Hana
Faraj
2
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
EFFICACY OF CERTAIN ACARICIDES AGAINST Tetranychus urticae AND THEIR SIDE EFFECTS ON NATURAL ENEMIES, Phytoseiulus persimilis AND Stethorus gilvifrons
The objective of this study was conducted to determine the efficacy of five acaricides; Abamectin, Emamectin benzoate, Acequinocyl, Chlorfenapyr and Hexythiazox against Tetranychus urticae and its natural enemies, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Stethorus gilvifrons. The tested acaricides were arranged in a descending order of speed of action against T. urticae as follows: Abamectin, Emamectin benzoate, Acequinocyl, Chlorfenapyr and Hexythiazox with LT50; 1.77, 2.85, 3.16, 3.94and 4.55 days, however, the corresponding speed action index were 100.00, 62.11, 56.01, 44.92 and 38.90%, respectively. Concerning P. persimilis, Abamectin was the slowest Speed of action compared with other tested acaricides (LT50= 4.31 days) followed by Acequinocyl, Emamectin benzoate, Chlorfenapyr and Hexythiazox with LT50; 2.90, 1.78, 1.38 and 1.03 days and the corresponding speed action index of 23.90, 35.52, 57.87, 74.64 and 100.00 %, respectively. Also, Abamectin recorded the lowest Speed of action against S. gilvifrons (LT50= 4.16 days) followed by Acequinocyl, Emamectin benzoate, Hexythiazox and Chlorfenapyr with LT50; 2.81, 2.61, 1.89 and 1.85 days and the corresponding speed action index of 44.47, 65.84, 70.88, 97.88 and 100.00 %, respectively. Reviewing the obtained results, it can be noticed that Abamectin was the quickest in its action against T. urticae and the slowest against P. persimilis and S. gilvifronscompared with other tested acaricides. The efficacy of the tested acaricides on the population density of T. urticae could be arranged according to the general mean of reduction percentage in a descending order as follows: Abamectin, Acequinocyl, Hexythiazox, Emamectin benzoate and Chlorfenapyr which recorded 83.29, 66.06, 56.40, 53.02 and 25.67% reduction, respectively.
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_53335_3dfe3d220482d230ac1e78c294512ee4.pdf
2015-03-01
513
525
10.21608/jppp.2015.53335
Alyaa
Tawfik
1
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
AUTHOR
Laila
Elgohary
2
Pesticide Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
ECONOMIC ARTIFICIAL DIETS FOR REARING SPINY BOLLWORM, Earias insulana (BOISD.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the use of four artificial diets that don’t contain agar and less expensive for mass rearing the spiny bollworm as compared to the agar – based artificial diet. These four diets A, B, C and D contained dried active yeast, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, methyl parahydroxy benzoate, starch, liquid milk, vitamin mixture and formaldehyde 34 - 38%, except diet A not containing starch. In addition to the essential ingredient in diet A is kidney beans and wheat grated, diet B is kidney beans and soybeans flower , diet C is kidney beans and diet D is kidney beans and yellow lentils .The obtained results showed that the mean larval and pupal durations were affected significantly by diets A & B and non-significantly by diets C & D as compared with control diet .The longest larval and pupal periods were on control diet and shortest were on diet A .Weight of larvae and pupae reared on diets A, B, C and D were significantly higher than those of the larvae and pupae reared on control diet .The larval fed on the diet A gave the highest larval and pupal weights, while those fed on control diet gave the lowest weights .The highest larval and pupal mortality percentages were on control diet followed by diets C, B, D and A. The lowest pupation and emergence percentages were on control diet and the highest were on diet A .The highest number of deposited eggs and hatchability percentage were observed on diet A followed by diets B, D and C and the lowest were on control diet .The growth index and fitness index were highest on diet A and the lowest were on control diet. Moreover, the total cost of ingredients reduced by 5911 , 43.88 , 43.75 and 45.24% per 1000 g. diet of diets A, B, C and D, respectively as compared to the agar – based control diet.
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_53336_44f6bcc46116f123907729d83fac090f.pdf
2015-03-01
527
534
10.21608/jppp.2015.53336
A.
Amer
1
Plant Protection Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
EFFICACY OF SOME BIOAGENTS AND NEMASTOP COMPOUND IN CONTROLLING ROOT KNOT DISEASE ON PEANUT.
Biological control of plant diseases especially root knot nematode has been handled in many scientific papers. Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma harzianum (T1), T. viride (T2), mixture of both (T1andT2) in addition to the commercial product Nemastop were used under field conditions to control root knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica Chitwood on peanut plants which was the most frequent extracted from soil and roots .
The efficacy of the treatments at different concentrations was also assayed under laboratory conditions as percentage of juvenile mortality and inhibition of egg hatching. All treatments revealed good effect in controlling root-knot at the highest concentrations, Nemastop was the most effective at(1:10), whereas, B. subtilis was the lowest one. Results obtained from field experiments were in harmony with those obtained from laboratory compared with control. Efficacy of the treatment also positively correlated with number of application time. The plot treated with any one of the bioagents tested three times achieved highest effect in controlling root knot nematode and increased peanut yield. Under field condition mixture of Trichoderma isolates was the most effective followed by Nemastop.
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_53340_dd7fe170c3bdae983ee48086380f273a.pdf
2015-03-01
535
547
10.21608/jppp.2015.53340
Biological agents
root-knot nematode
Meloidogyne javanica
Peanut
Bacillus subtilis
Trichoderma harzianum
T. viride
Howida
Metwaly
1
Central Laboratory of Organic Agriculture, Agricultural Research Center,Giza, Egypt.
AUTHOR
Hanaa
Zawam
2
Nematode Research Department,Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOME WHEAT AND RICE VARIETIES TO Sitophilus oryzae (L.) AND Rhizopertha dominica (F.) INFESTATION
Susceptibility of four varieties of wheat ( Egypt 1, Egypt 2, Gemmiza 11and Sids 12), and five rice varieties ( Egypt 1, Egypt 2, Giza 179, Sakha 105 and Sakha 106) for infestation by Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Rhizopertha dominica (F.) were evaluated in the laboratory at 28 ± 1ºc and 65 ± 5 % R.H.
The results showed significant differences between various wheat varieties in the growth index of S .oryzae, it was comparatively higher in the varieties Gemmiza 11 and Egypt 1 than varieties Egypt 2 and Sids 12. Also, Egypt 1 was the least susceptible to R. dominica with lowest percent of weight loss (3.80%).
In case of rice varieties data revealed that, Giza 179 and Egypt 2 varieties were the least susceptible to S. oryzae by lowest values of growth index (0.38 and 0.90, respectively ) and corresponding values of weight loss (0.16 and 0.38% ,resp.), with significant differences when compared with all varieties. While, Sakha 105 variety was most resistance to R. dominica by growth index (1.27) and least value of weight loss (0.29%).A significant effect of grain moisture contents on susceptibility/resistance against S. oryzae and R. dominica .
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_53342_86df403f179d1fefd7071bc8ac25a455.pdf
2015-03-01
549
554
10.21608/jppp.2015.53342
H.
Hussain
1
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Egypt.
AUTHOR
M.
Nasr
2
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Egypt.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
FIELD AND LABORATORY TRIALS TO EVALUATE CERTAIN SINGLE AND TRIPLE CROSSES OF MAIZE HYBRIDS FOR THEIR RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SPIDER MITE Tetranychus urticae KOCH INFESTATION IN RELATION TO LEAVES PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS (ACARI: ACTENIDIDA: TETRANYCHIDAE)
Field and laboratory trials were carried out to evaluate six maize hybrids of each single and three-way crosses for their relative susceptibility to spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch infestation, in relation to leaves phytochemical analysis. Obtained data cleared that the triple hybrids were more infestation than single crosses hybrids during the course of study. The level infestation of single crosses hybrids could be divided into two categories; resistance and moderate infestation, while the triple crosses hybrids could be divided into three categories, moderate, susceptible and highly susceptible to spider mite infestation. Phytochemical components, the total carbohydrates, total protein, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were estimated and demonstrated that there were correlation between spider mite level infestation and leaves phytochemical constituents.
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_53346_27b980fb069b86a72478ecf593360dff.pdf
2015-03-01
555
562
10.21608/jppp.2015.53346
maize hybrids
spider mite
Phytochemical analysis
Mariam
El-Sanady
1
Plant Protection Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOTYPE COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR PREDICTING Rhopalosiphum maidis (FITCH) ABUNDANCE ON BARLEY IN EGYPT
The obtained data of seasonal abundance of the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Homoptera: Aphididae) in relation to climatic factors, sowing dates, plant growth stage and fertilization rates were used to develop a prototype computer program to predict aphids' abundance on barley at different planting dates in relation to plant growth stages. This prototype program is a first step towards developing an expert system for prediction of aphids on barley in Egypt.
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_53349_6ac4ebde28aebff670a1f86b8593ba5f.pdf
2015-03-01
563
585
10.21608/jppp.2015.53349
Monira
El-Fatih
1
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
AUTHOR
S.
Elnagar
2
Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University
AUTHOR
M.
El-Sheikh
3
Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University
AUTHOR
M.
El-Hariry
4
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
AUTHOR