Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology
2090-3677
2090-3758
10
2
2019
02
01
A New Record for Mangrove Plume Moth Cenoloba obliteralis (Walker, 1864) (Fam. Tineodidae : Lepidoptera ) Attacking Mangrove Plant in Saudi Arabia
97
100
EN
U.
M.
Abu El-Ghiet
Plant Protection Dept., Desert Res. Center, Mataria, Cairo, Egypt.
10.21608/jppp.2019.40883
The first record for Mangrove plume moth Cenoloba obliteralis (Walker) on infested fruit of mangrove Jazan Red Sea coasts, Saudi in March 2016. The larvae of mangrove plume moth C. obliteralis feeding on flowering buds and consumed the cotyledons of fruits. During this study, six sites of mangrove plant were screened for infestation by C. obliteralis through four seasons. We observed that, the flower buds were available at different seasons meanwhile fruits were available in spring and autumn. Female of C. obliteralis was laid eggs at the base of the flower buds as a separate egg, after egg hatching larvae feed on flowers before its open and navigate between the cluster flowers. The infected flowers were diagnostic by presence of larvae feces and holes which made by the larvae. The direct examination of fruits, showing that female was laid eggs on the location of fruits communication per plant. After egg hatching new emergence larvae was enter into fruits and it feeds on the content of cotyledons. The mature larva was exit from the weakest site in the cortex of the fruit (attaching site of both cotyledons). No more than a larva watched inside the fruit as well as no cocoon seen inside the fruit.
Mangrove,Cenoloba obliteralis,Jazan,new record
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40883.html
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40883_cff9419fdb92fd1149459b9dea22ae5b.pdf
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology
2090-3677
2090-3758
10
2
2019
02
01
Bacterial Contamination of Mobile Phones Healthcare Versus Non-Healthcare Workers at Mansoura City, Egypt
101
109
EN
A.
Mohamedin
Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt
amohamedin@hotmail.com
A.
Elsayed
Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt
Halima
A.
Nashnoush
Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt
10.21608/jppp.2019.40886
The objective of this study was to identify the bacteria harbored by mobile phones of healthcare workers and non-healthcare workers from Mansoura City, Dakahlia Governorate and to determine their antibiotic resistance patterns. A total of 300 mobile phone samples, 150 samples from different Mansoura City Hospitals as healthcare workers (HCWs) and 150 samples from Mansoura University as non-healthcare workers (non-HCWs) used for isolation of bacteria on enriched, differential and selective media. Results of HCWs samples tested were 31(20.6%) samples no growth and 119(79.3%) showed bacterial contamination. Gram-positive isolates were 62(52.1%) samples Staphylococcus species, 58(48.7%) Staph.aureus, 71(59.6%) Bacillus species and 8(6.7%) were Micrococcus species. Also, 37(31.0%) mobile phones had only one genus and 82(68.9%) with two or more different genera. On the other hand 13(10.9%) isolates of Gram-negative bacilli were recorded. The results of non-HCWs samples indicated that 8(5.3%) samples showed no growth and 142(94.6%) samples were contaminated with bacteria. Gram-positive isolates were 86(60.6%) samples Staphylococcus species, 85(59.9%) Staph.aureus, 87(61.3%) Bacillus species and 24(16.9%) were Micrococcus species. Also, 20(14.1%) mobile phones had only one genus and 122(85.9%) with two or more different genera. On the other hand, 29(20.4%) isolates of Gram-negative bacilli were obtained and confirmed the results by BD PHOENIX Device. The Gram-negative bacterial isolates were resistant to Amikacin and Ampicillin, and sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole and Gentamicin. Also, some of isolates were resistant to Kanamycin, Nalidixic acid; Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline except Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii which are resistant to all antibiotics except Pseudomonas aeruginosa which was sensitive to Ciprofloxacin.Staphylococcus aureus of HCWs and non-HCWs 143(54.78%) were examined for nine antibiotics, the results were 99.30% were resistant to Oxacillin and Methicillin also, 89.5% were resistant to Ampicillin while 96.5% were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Kanamycin, and 98.6% to Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, Cefoxthin and Vancomycin. Also, 48(33.5%) Staph.aureus were resistant to penicillin-G. To reduce or prevent the contamination of the hands and mobile phones, healthcare workers should apply the standard hygienic precautions after using phones.
mobile phones,Bacterial contamination,Susceptibility to antibiotics,Mansoura city
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40886.html
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40886_d8fffe6fd09e39d59a5e3fdce0630618.pdf
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology
2090-3677
2090-3758
10
2
2019
02
01
Effect of some Materials for Controlling Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer)
111
113
EN
Afaf
A.
El-Wahab
faculty of science, Al- Azhar University ( for Girls), ARE
Horia
A.
Abd El-Wahab
Plant Protection Research Institute- Agriculture Research Center, ARE
Neama
A.
Abdel- Hameed
Faculty of science, Al- Azhar University ( for Girls), ARE
Eftkhar
E. S.
Abohatab
Plant Protection Research Institute- Agriculture Research Center, ARE
Manal
M. A.
Hager
Faculty of science, Al- Azhar University ( for Girls), ARE
10.21608/jppp.2019.40891
<em>Myzus persicae </em>(Sulzer)is one of major insect pests which infest many vegetable crops especially potato plants. Some natural materials such as, neem oil, menthol oil and nano chitosan were used in controlling <em>M. persicae. </em>The results showed that, neem oil was the most effective compound in controlling <em>M. persicae </em>with LC<sub>50 </sub>63.60 ppm, followed by menthol oil then nano chitosan with LC<sub>50 </sub>100.26 and 101.62 ppm, respectively.
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40891.html
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40891_581b2e0b1a9a4643b4796e220f73a9b1.pdf
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology
2090-3677
2090-3758
10
2
2019
02
01
Isolation, Characterization and Insecticidal Activity of Methylene Chloride Extract of Cladosporium cladosporioides Secondary Metabolites against Aphis gossypii (Glov.)
115
119
EN
N.
O.
Shaker
Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Girls), Al-Azhar University
G.
M. M.
Ahmed
Plant Protection Research Institute, ARC, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
M.
M.
El-Sawy
Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Girls), Al-Azhar University
H.
Y. E.
Ibrahim
Plant Protection Research Institute, ARC, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
H.
N. A.
Ismail
Plant Protection Research Institute, ARC, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
10.21608/jppp.2019.40896
<strong> </strong>
The cotton aphid, <em>Aphis gossypii</em> Glover is a serious plant pests causing serious damage to the cultivated crops. Entomopathogenic fungi were early used for controlling aphids. <em>Cladosporium cladosporioides</em> is one of the promising candidates fungus can be used as a microorganism or can be used as a source of toxins against insect pests. Present research studied the chemical constituents of methylene chloride extracts of <em>C. cladosporioides</em>. It revealed 17 volatile compounds when analyzed by GC/MS technique. Also, two major compounds were isolated and identified as Pentadecanoic acid methyl ester (Compound 1) and Lupeol (Compound 2). Furthermore, the insecticidal activity of methylene chloride extracts of <em>C. cladosporioides</em> was tested against both adults and nymphs of cotton aphid, <em>A. gossypii</em>. It showed the most effective against nymphs of LC<sub>50</sub> of 212.2319 ppm, LC<sub>90</sub> of 1407.5663 ppm and toxicity index of 100%, while, it showed LC<sub>50</sub> of 276.75 ppm, LC<sub>90</sub> of 1902.15 ppm and toxicity index of 76.69% against adult stage.
Cladosporium cladosporioide,secondary metabolites,methylene chloride extracts,insecticidal activity and Aphis gossypii
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40896.html
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40896_b8fb45b96b90b5b406171484181febe1.pdf
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology
2090-3677
2090-3758
10
2
2019
02
01
Efficacy of some Entomopathogenic Fungal Extracts and their Chemical Constituents as Alternative Bio-Pesticides against Onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci L.
121
126
EN
Amany
S. M.
Saad
Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
dramany83@gmail.com
M.
I.
Sergany
Pesticides Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
sergany@mans.mans.edu.eg
M.
E.
Mostafa
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt.
Dina
M.
Fathy
Economic Entomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
10.21608/jppp.2019.40898
Three entomopathogenic fungal secondary metabolites of <em>Metarhizium anisopliae, Paceliomyces fumosoroseus </em>and<em> Trichoderma</em> <em>longibrachiatum </em>were extracted using two different organic solvent and thoroughly investigated as bio-insecticide against nymphs and adults of onion thrips, <em>Thrips tabaci</em> using spraying method technique. The toxicity index of LC<sub>50</sub> values revealed that <em>T.</em> <em>longibrachiatuom</em> secondary metabolites extracts (chloroform and ethyl acetate) were the most effective against the two developmental stages (nymph stage and adult) of <em>T. tabaci</em> followed by <em>M. anisopliae</em> extracts and the least toxic one <em>P. fuosoroseus </em>extracts after 7-days of treatment. The chemical composition of the most promising extracts in each entomopathogenic fungi were analyzed using GC-MS technique. Thirty-five compounds belonging to six different classes of natural products were characterized.
Entomopathogenic fungi,secondary metabolites,lufenuron,Bio-pesticides,Onion,Thrips tabaci
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40898.html
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40898_191a98e1172714b8c0b9b6880ad5536a.pdf
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology
2090-3677
2090-3758
10
2
2019
02
01
Big Aggregations of the Ladybird Beetles at the Mediterranean Sea Shore, Baltim, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
127
131
EN
Amany
A. E.
Khalifa
Biological Control Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt
A.
H.
Mesbah
Biological Control Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt
10.21608/jppp.2019.40903
The phenomenon of ladybird beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) aggregation was noticed during April, May and June, 2013 at the Mediterranean sea shore of Baltim city, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Northern Delta, Egypt. The occurring coccinellid species were surveyed. The survey included the sandy sea shore and the adjacent vegetations; wheat, clover and weeds. Massive aggregations of the coccinellids were found along the sea coast for about 110 km, extending from Baltim city (Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate) up to Rasheed city (Beheira Governorate). Ten coccinellid species were recorded; <em>Coccinella undecimpunctata</em> L.,<em> C. novemnotata</em> Herbst.,<em> C. septempunctata</em> L.,<em>Cydonia vicina isis</em> Mul.,<em>Hippodamia convergens</em> Guerin- Meneville, <em>H. tredecimpunctata</em> L.,<em> H. variegata</em> (Goeze), <em>Hippodamia</em> sp., <em>Rodalia</em> <em>cardinalis</em> Mul., and <em>Scymnus</em> spp. The phenomenon didn’t occur in year 2014 but re-occurred in year 2015 and again disappeared in 2016. The most dominant species was <em>C. undecimpunctata</em> (90.55 and 86.84%), followed by <em>C. novemnotata</em> (6.30 and 12.39%) in 2013 and 2015, respectively. All other coccinellid species were collected in little numbers. In 2013, the majority of coccinellids (46.30and 18.74%) were recorded by late April and3<sup>rd</sup> week of May, respectively. In the same year<strong>,</strong> the wheat plantations harbored 75.15%. <em> C. septempunctata,</em> followed by <em>C. undecimpunctata</em> (17.52%) and <em>H. tredecimpunctata</em> (6.53%). In clover, the most dominant species was <em>C. undecimpunctata</em> (51.71%), followed by <em>H. tredecimpunctata</em> (17.11%), and then <em>Hippodamia</em> spp. (12.63%). In weeds, <em>C. undecimpunctata</em> was the most occurring (42.73%), followed by <em>Scymnus</em> spp. (29%). In 2015<strong>,</strong><em> C. undecimpunctata</em> was the most dominant in wheat, clover and weeds, with values of 90.49, 80.71 and 49.92%, respectively. <em>C. vicina isis </em>and <em>Scymnus</em> spp.were detected only in weeds
ladybird beetles,Aggregation,Mediterranean Sea Shore,Egypt
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40903.html
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40903_93fb8c91a484b727feaa82ef362695df.pdf
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology
2090-3677
2090-3758
10
2
2019
02
01
Effect of Insect Infestation on some Internal Components of some Important Cactus Plants
133
136
EN
Samia
A.
Yassin
Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C., Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Fatina
Baiomy
Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C., Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Mona
N.
Wahba
Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C., Dokki, Giza, Egypt
A.
S.
Emam
Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C., Dokki, Giza, Egypt
10.21608/jppp.2019.40907
This study was carried out to study effect of insect infestation on some internal components of some important cactus plants. So this study was carried out to study effect of insect infestation by three important insects on the internal components of three important cactus plants, Egyption mealybug, <em>Icerya aegyptiaca</em> (Douglas) (Margarodidae: Homoptera) on<em> Aloe vera</em> (Fam. Liliaceae), Agave weevil, <em>Scyphophorus acupunctatus</em> L. (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) on <em>Agave americana</em> (Fam. Agavaceae) and Daphla aphid, <em>Aphis nerii</em> (Boyer) (Aphididae: Homoptera) on<em> Calotropis procera</em> (Fam. Asclepiadaceae). And this study was carried out at two locations (governorates), El-Orman Garden (Giza Governorate) and Antoniadis Garden (Alexandria Governorate) during 2018 season.Results obtained from this study refereed to reduce the concentration of the most internal components of theses cactus plants as result to infestation by these insects. And few internal components its concentration still did not change after infestation by these insects.Statically analysis showed highly significant differences between concentration of the most internal components of the infested cactus plants compared to concentration of the same components in the control (non infested cactus plants).
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40907.html
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40907_dbc07417f52a189584e3a79c1ad47b77.pdf
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology
2090-3677
2090-3758
10
2
2019
02
01
Biological Studies and Estimation Life Table Parameters of Duranta Aphid, Aphis durantae Theobald on Duranta Plants under Fluctuated Temperature Conditions
137
139
EN
A.
S.
Emam
Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C., Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Abla
F. A.
Saad
Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C., Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Marwa
A. M.
Abd-Allah
Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R.C., Dokki, Giza, Egypt
10.21608/jppp.2019.40909
This study was carried out to study the biology and life table parameters of Duranta aphid, <em>Aphis duranta</em>e Theobald under laboratory conditions throughout three different temperatures degrees (winter, spring and summer) during 2018 year. Data obtained showed that the spring season more suitable for <em>A. durantae</em> living (biology) more than winter and summer seasons, respectively. This showed clearly from life table's parameters which showed that the nymphal stages of <em>A. durantae</em> in spring season were less than in winter and summer, respectively. Also, life cycle, mean generation time, live span and longevity duration in spring season were less than in winter and summer seasons respectively. Lastly, the important parameter in the life table, intrinsic rate of increase (rm) in spring season was more than in winter and summer seasons, respectively.
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40909.html
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40909_30058b2dcb64d7632683dd786e44ce49.pdf
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology
2090-3677
2090-3758
10
2
2019
02
01
Population Density of the Striped Mealybug Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on the Ornamental Corn Shrubs, Dracena fragrans in Relation to Biotic and Abiotic Factors in Al-Zohria Gardens, Cairo, Egypt
141
146
EN
T.
E.
Ata
Dep. of Economic Entomology Fac. of Agric. Damietta University Cairo, Egypt.
S.
M.
El-Awady
Dep. of Plant Protection. Fac. of Agric. Al-Azhar University. Cairo. Egypt.
A.
S.
El-Khouly
Dep. of Plant Protection. Fac. of Agric. Al-Azhar University. Cairo. Egypt.
M.
M.
Metwally
Dep. of Plant Protection. Fac. of Agric. Al-Azhar University. Cairo. Egypt.
10.21608/jppp.2019.40911
The striped mealybug<em> Ferrisia virgata</em> (Ckll.) (Hemiptera: Pseudococidae) attacks many host plants including shrubs and trees in Egypt. The aim of this work is to study the population densities of striped mealybug and the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on the insect population and the preferable direction for the insect stages on ornamental corn shrubs, <em>Dracena fragrans</em> in Al-Zohria gardens at Cairo during two successive years (2014-2015) (2015-2016). The results showed that the highest number of <em>F. virgata</em> insects occurred during Sep. in the first year, while it occurred during Nov. in the second year, with average (93.5 and 42.1 insect /<em> sample</em>) in the first and second years respectively. The general mean number of <em>F. virgata</em> has of 24.7 during the first year while it was 16.6 in the second year of investigation. The results showed that the insect population was highest in autumn with average (64.3 and 44.6 insect/<em> sample</em>) in the first and second year respectively, whereas the lowest mean was in spring (2.7 and 1.5 insect /<em> sample</em>) during the two successive years. The data revealed insignificant relation between daily maximum, range and minimum of temperature and natural enemies on population activity. On the other hand the relation between the relative humidity and the population activities was highly significant positive correlation in both two years. In respect to preferable direction, results showed that the north-eastern direction was the preferable direction for the population activity in the both years of the study.
the striped mealybug,population density,ornamental corn shrubs,biotic and abiotic factors,Egypt
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40911.html
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40911_da2b30063e17aa03914c0bf68423d8fb.pdf
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology
2090-3677
2090-3758
10
2
2019
02
01
Population Density of Empoasca Spp.;Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) and the Common Natural Enemies on Faba Bean Plants in Relation to Sowing Dates in Kafr El-Sheik Governorate
147
153
EN
E.
A.
El-Sarand
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center ,Giza, Egypt
E.
A.
Refaei
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center ,Giza, Egypt
M.
E. H.
El-Dewy
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center ,Giza, Egypt
10.21608/jppp.2019.40914
Leafhoppers, <em>Empoasca </em>spp. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) and The serpentine leafminer,<em> Liriomyza trifolii </em>(Burgess) <strong>(</strong>Diptera:Agromyzidae<strong>) </strong>are important harmful insect pests of faba bean, <em>Vicia faba</em> L.( Sakha 1 variety ), which causes considerable loss in yield. So, population density of these insects and the common natural enemies in relation to sowing dates were studied on faba bean during two successive growing seasons, 2016/17 and 2017/18 at Kafr EL-Sheikh Governorate. The obtained results revealed that population densities of <em>Empoasca</em> spp. were higher in mid- October plantation than mid- November plantation in first and second season, respectively with two peaks during both growing season. Population densities of <em>L. trifolii</em> larval recorded two peaks of abundance for the first and second sowing date during the two study seasons. The rate of emerging (<em>Opius</em> sp.) parasitoids synchronized with high parasitism. Statistical analysis cleared that the positive higher relation between rate of parasitism and population of leafminers larvae in second plantation in first season also, between rate of parasitism and emerged parasitism in second season.The population of <em>L. trifolii</em> in (first season) mid- November was significant than first one. The rate of parasitism as well as the emerging parasitoids was significantly higher in mid –November than mid- October (second season )Statistical analysis cleared that the population of leafhoppers; rate of parasitism and associated predatorswere insignificant differ during the two planting dates, while leafminers were significant in first seasons on contrast in the second one. On the other hand, the common predatory were significantly higher on mid-October than mad-November in the second one synchronized with the highest levels of leafhoppers and leafminers. These results could be useful in developing programs of integrated insect management in faba bean fields to reduce insecticide.
population density, parasitism,parasitoid, Opius sp,Leafhoppers, Empoasca spp,Cicadellidae,serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii,integrated and management
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40914.html
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40914_f348d77e570296090a83f5fd1347024d.pdf
Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture
Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology
2090-3677
2090-3758
10
2
2019
02
01
Antibacterial and Biochemical Activities of Phenylpropenes and Monoterpenes on Phytopathogenic Bacteria
155
160
EN
Gehan
I. Kh.
Marei
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt
S.
A. M.
Abdelgaleil
Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, El-Shatby, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
10.21608/jppp.2019.40916
In the present study, six monoterpenes and twophenylpropenes were evaluated for their antibacterial effect against three phytopathogenic bacteria, <em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</em>, <em>Ralstonia solanacearum </em>and<em> Erwinia carotovora </em>var. <em>carotovora</em>. The inhibitory effects of these compounds on polygalacturonase and dehydrogenases activities were also tested. The results revealed that <em>trans</em>-cinnamaldehyde, (-)-citronellal, (-)-terpinen-4-ol had the highest antibacterial activity against<em> A. tumefaciens</em>. Their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC<strong>)</strong> values were 1000, 1500 and 1500 mg/l, respectively. Similarly,<em> trans</em>- cinnamaldehyde (MIC = 2000 mg/l), and (-)-citronellal (MIC = 2000 mg/l) were the highest activity compounds against <em>E. carotovora var. carotovora</em>. Moreover, (-)-citronellal caused the greatest antibacterial effect against <em>R. solanacearum</em> with MIC value of 1000 mg/l. Further, <em>trans</em>- cinnamaldehyde showed the highest inhibitory effects on polyglacturonase and dehydrogenases activities of <em>A. tumefaciens</em>, while (-)-citronellal represented the most potent effect of inhibition on polyglacturonase and dehydrogenases activities of <em>E. carotovora </em>var. <em>carotovora</em> and<em> R. solanacearum</em>.
Phytopathogenic bacteria,Minimum inhibitory concentration,Monoterpenes,phenylpropenes,Polygalacturonase,dehydrogenases
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40916.html
https://jppp.journals.ekb.eg/article_40916_17fad1e39ee0e349913cf8eb429d7fe9.pdf