Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-367761120151101FIELD AND SEMI FIELD APPLICATIONS FOR BIO AND CHEMICAL PESTICIDES ON COTTON LEAF WORM, Spodoptera littoralis (BOISD.) (LEPIDOPTERA : NOCTUIDAE)147114787535510.21608/jppp.2015.75355ENBadr El-Sabah A.FetohPlant Protection Research Institute, ARC, Dokki, Giza, EgyptSondos A.MohamedPlant Protection Research Institute, ARC, Dokki, Giza, EgyptLaila E.M.SelemanPlant Protection Research Institute, ARC, Dokki, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20200304Three bio insecticides Biolarve and Triamph derivate from emamectin benzoate and W-Bus which derivate from <em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em> (Bt), in addition to one organophosphorus insecticides Linker tested for their effects on 2<sup>nd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup>larval instars and egg masses (24, 48 and 72 h old) of the Egyptian cotton Leafworm <em>Spodoptera littoralis </em> (Boised) infested tomato crop under field and semi field conditions. The doses used were the recommended dose by Egyptian agricultural ministry. The obtained results showed that all insecticides were potent and effective in controlling <em>S. littoralis</em> caused highly mortality and reduced the number of all tested larval instars and egg masses. The bio pesticides caused lower mortalities percentage than the chemical one in case of initial kill calculations, but after one day till ten days caused higher mortalities percentage than the organophosphorus insecticides. The second larval instar recorded sensitive reaction than the fourth larval instar of S.<em> littoralis</em>, which shown more resistant to all examined insecticides.
Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-367761120151101SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF SOME ADDITIVES WITH BIO-INSECTICIDES TO CONTROL THE PINK BOLLWORM, Pectinophora gossypiella (SAUND.)147914907536210.21608/jppp.2015.75362ENM. S. M.SalemPlant Protection Research Institute, (A. R. C.), Dokki, Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20200304Some additive compounds of sorbic acid, glucose and glycine amino acid have been added to improve the potency of some bio-insecticides;(Bactericide) <em>Bacillus thuringiensis </em>var. <em>Kurstaki</em> and (Fungicide) <em>Beauveria bassiana </em>(Balsamo) formulations against newly hatched larvae of <em>Pectinophora gossypiella </em>(Saund.). Results obtained could be summarizing as follows:
<em>Bacillus thuringiensis </em>had the most bio-insecticides efficacy on <em>P.gossypiella </em>newly hatched larvae after 1,2&3 days from treatment.
Additives of glucose at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.05%, followed by sorbic acid at 0.1% were enhanced <em>B. thuringiensis </em>effect and caused the potentiation interaction on <em>P.gossypiella</em> larval mortality percentages. Other additive compounds caused additive interaction for <em>B. thuringiensis </em>except for additives of glycine (0.1& 0.025%) caused antagonism effect for <em>B. thuringiensis</em> and reduced from <em>P.gossypiella</em> larval mortality.
On the other hand, additives of glucose at concentration of 0.1% potentiate <em>B. bassiana</em> efficiency against <em>P.gossypiella </em>larvae. Other additive compounds of glucose (0.05 and 0.025%) and sorbic acid (0.1, 0.05 and 0.025%) caused additive interaction with <em>B. bassiana</em>. Meanwhile, additive of glycine decreased <em>B. bassiana</em> efficacy and caused antagonism effect on <em>P.gossypiella</em> larval mortality.
All additives compounds used had effect on some biological parameters of <em>P.gossypiella</em> when additives had interaction with <em>B. thuringiensis</em> or <em>B. bassiana</em> compared to use each of them alone. Additive of glucose had the best effect on the most biological parameters used, followed by sorbic acid, while; additive of glycine had the least interaction with the two bio-insecticidesagainst the aforementioned pest.
Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-367761120151101HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID INDUCE THE DEFENSE OF LUPINE AGAINST ROOT ROT DISEASE149115067536610.21608/jppp.2015.75366ENM. A.El-MetwallyPlant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, EgyptK. M.Abd El-HaiPlant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, EgyptNaglaa T.MohamedPlant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20200304
Lupine is cultivated in Egypt for food, medical and industrial purposes. Root rot diseases caused by several soil-borne fungal pathogens are among the most destructive diseases attacking lupine plants. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to study the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in addition to Rhizolex-T50 on lupine root rot disease, growth, certain physiological activities and productivity of lupine. Lupine seeds (cvs. Giza 1 and Giza 2) were examined. The data indicated that isolation of pathogenic fungi from both cultivars of diseased lupine was carried out in five locations of Dakahlia governorate. The high frequency isolated fungi presented in Temi El-Amdeed followed by Bani-Ebeed location. <em>Fusarium solani</em> and <em>F. oxysporum</em> proved to be the most dominate isolated followed by <em>Rhizoctonia solani</em>. In greenhouse, Giza 1 was high susceptible cultivar for infected with root rot pathogenic fungi. <em>Sclerotium rolfsii</em> followed by <em>R. solani</em> whereas <em>F. solani</em> was the most aggressive damping-off disease. In the field experiment, Giza 2 cultivar was the best in germination% and more tolerant of damping-off than Giza 1. The application of Rhizolex-T50 followed by H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> at low concentrate (0.50 mM) showed a highest percentage of germination within lowest percentage of damping-off. No significant differences between Rhizolex-T50 and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> at 0.50 mM were detected. The high photosynthetic pigments and phenolic content were obtained from the application of ASA at moderate concentrate (15 mM) in both cultivars. Giza 2 gave the highest values in these parameters. Soaking in both tested materials increased significantly growth parameter examined, yield components and seed quality. The moderate concentration of ASA (15 mM) was the most effective followed by the low concentration of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (0.50 mM). Could be concluded that the application of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> at 0.50 mM and ASA at 15 mM as seed soaking could be considered as fungicide alternatives for controlling lupine root rot disease as well as improve growth and productivity.
Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-367761120151101TOXICITY AND BIOCHEMICAL EFFICACY OF NOVEL PESTICIDES AGAINST Aphis craccivora Koch (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN RELATION TO ENZYMES ACTIVITY150715177538410.21608/jppp.2015.75384ENA. A.ShehawyPlant Protection Research Institute,(A.R.C.) Giza, Egypt.A. N. Z.AlshehriBiology Dept, Univ. College, Umm Al-Qura Univ, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.Journal Article20200304Resistance development is a key part in pest management; Experimental trials included five conventional insecticides; Mospilan, Imidor (Neonicotinoid), Actellic (Organophosphate), Chess (Azomethine pyridines) and Aphox (Carbamate) to investigate their toxicity against both field and laboratory strains of<em> Aphis craccivora</em> Koch. The potency levels of the ongoing insecticides against the <em>A. craccivora </em>were 1.29, 1.43, 1.75, 1.97, 2.75 folds in laboratory strain more than that of field strain respectively. Thus, results showed that the field strain was more resistant for all compounds than that of laboratory strain. On the other hand, the results of the biochemical aspects of detoxification enzymes; Mixed Function Oxidase (MFO), Glutathione-S-transferases (GST), α and β-esterases demonstrated that, all tested insecticides induced impact on these detoxifying enzymes in both laboratory and field strain of <em>A. craccivora.</em>Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-367761120151101RICE STEM BORER, Chilo agamemnon POPULATION FLUCTUATION AND RICE VARIETAL RESISTANCE151915257539010.21608/jppp.2015.75390ENI. S.El-HawaryPlant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta UniversityM. A.El-NaggarField Crops Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research CenterElizabeath Z.HenishenField Crops Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research CenterJournal Article20200304Rice, <em>Oryza sativa</em> L. is a vital food crop for more half of the global population. Unfortunately, it is subjected to attacks of several insect pests, from which is the rice stem borer, <em>Chilo agamemnon</em> Bles, the key insect pest species in Egypt. Monitoring population fluctuation of the insect during 2013 and 2014 rice seasons revealed the peaks of immature stages, as well as dead heart and white symptoms. In both seasons, the larvae exhibited three peaks of abundance, with high population density during August and September. The same trend, two peaks of abundance, was recorded for dead hearts. High population densities of white heads were detected in August and September with distinct peaks by late August and late September. Evaluation of varietal resistance to the borer revealed that Egyptian Jasmine cultivar was susceptible to <em>C. agamemnon</em>, while three cultivars were moderately susceptible; Giza 178, Giza 181 and Giza 182. Both Sakha 101 and Sakha 104 proved to be resistant to the borer throughout the three seasons. Six cultivars exhibited moderate resistance; Giza 177, Giza 179, Sakha 102, Sakha 103, Sakha 105 and Sakha 106.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-367761120151101INFLUENCE OF LARVAL FOOD ON NUMBER OF SPERMATOPHORES, FECUNDITY AND SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THE SPINY BOLLWORM, Earias insulana (BOISD.)152715357539610.21608/jppp.2015.75396ENA. E. A.AmerPlant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, EgyptA. A.A.EL-SayedPlant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20200304Experiments were carried out to study the effect of larval food types <br /> (cotton bolls, okra pods and artificial diet) on number of spermatophores, fecundity and total soluble protein, lipid and carbohydrate contents of the spiny bollworm, <em>Earias insulana</em> (Boisd.). The obtained results showed that the larvae reared on artificial diet gave the highest weight, while, those collected from cotton bolls gave the lowest weight. The lowest pupal mortality percentage and the highest adult emergence percentages, number of eggs/female and hatchability percentages recorded for the larvae obtained from artificial diet followed by those collected from okra pods and cotton bolls. Pupal duration, pre & post- oviposition periods and male longevity were differed insignificantly as affected by feeding larvae on okra pods, cotton bolls and artificial diet. The newly emerged female moths from larvae collected from cotton bolls were recorded the lowest mean number of the eggs/ovariol and spermatophores, while, those emergence from larvae obtained from artificial diet was recorded the highest one. The highest value of total soluble protein, lipid and carbohydrate contents were recorded in larvae obtained from artificial diet followed by those collected from okra pods and cotton bolls.
Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-367761120151101FIRST RECORD OF THE MEALYBUG, Phenacoccus solenopsis TINSLEY (HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) AS A NEW PEST ON BANANA PLANTS IN EGYPT153715417542210.21608/jppp.2015.75422ENMonira M.El-FatihPlant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.Fatma A.MoharumPlant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.M A.AhmedPlant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20200304Cotton mealybug, <em>Phenacoccus solenopsis</em> Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) was recorded for the first time on banana<em>, Musa acuminate</em> L. (Musaceae) in Egypt during July, 2015. This species was recorded on banana plantations during a monitor study of pests from April to November, 2015 as a part of the periodical inspection of banana pests in El-Wasta, Beni-Swief Governorate, EgyptMansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-367761120151101SEASONAL ABUNDANCE AND POPULATION FLACTUATION OF CERTAIN MIDICINAL PLANT PESTS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED NATURAL ENEMES IN ASSIUT GOVERNORATE, EGYPT154315547542510.21608/jppp.2015.75425ENA. A.Abd El-RaheemPlant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, EgyptH. M.Abd EL-WarethPlant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, EgyptJournal Article20200304Field trails were undertaken to determine the seasonal abundance and population fluctuations of key insect pests infesting caraway, cumin and chamomile plants. The most pests associated with these plants were <em>Myzus persicae </em>(Sulzer)<em>, Aphis craccivora</em> Koch and<em> <em>Thrips</em> tabace</em> Lindeman<em>.</em> The most numerous pests on caraway plants were T<em>. tabace.</em> It constituted about 45.47% and 62.85% out of the grand total of pests in 2013 and 2014 seasons, respectively. Whereas <em>M. persicae </em>was the most dominant insect pest on cumin plants, constituting about 60.97% and 58.92% out of grand total of pests in first and second seasons, respectively. On chamomile crop <em>M. persicae </em>was the numerous pest as compared with the other insect pests (54.17% and 71.70%). The highest level of abundance was recorded during March and April. Temperature and relative humidity significantly affected the population densities of these pests. The dominant predators were<em> Coccinella undecimpunctata</em> Reiche, <em>Scymnus interruptus</em> Gaeze, <em>Orius spp., Chrysoperla carnea </em>[Stephens] <em>Paedrus alfirri</em> Kock, <em>Syrphus corolla</em> F. and true spiders<em>.</em> These predators attained their maximum population densities during February and March. Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-367761120151101BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF RESISTANCE AND CROSS RESISTANCE OF Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) PROGNEY TO CHLORPYRIFOS USING DEVELOPED REARING TECHNIQUE155515667542810.21608/jppp.2015.75428ENA. H.MohannaDept. of plant production ,Faculty of Technology & Development, Zagazig Uni., EgyptH. M.El-SharkawyDept. of plant production ,Faculty of Technology & Development, Zagazig Uni., EgyptJournal Article20200304In laboratory tests, a unique technique was carried out to distinguish and obtain developed strains originated from separately reared <em>Spodoptera littoralis</em> (Boisd.) egg- masses ( field and laboratory strains); traditional susceptible strain (Tss) from laboratory strain, and traditional resistant strain ( Trs). from field. Two other strains were obtained in laboratory; the first developed traditional susceptible strain ( dTss.) was originated from the high susceptible larvae of Tss , and was subjected to relaxation for four successive generations. while the second, developed traditional resistant strain( dTrs.) was resulted from moderately to high level larvae of Trs, and was subjected to selection pressure with chlorpyrifos as a selected agent for four successive generations, at the LC<sub>50</sub> level. The obtained results revealed that LC<sub>50 </sub>value of Tss. and dTss. were 0.905 and 0.607, respectively. Also dTrs. strain was exhibited 14.47 fold of resistance as compared to 8.45 fold for Trs. Strain.
Cross resistance spectrum was tested on dTss, Tss,, uTss .parent, Trs, and dTrs. Using 3 OP's compounds, one carbamate, 2 synthetic pyrethroids , and one demeloid.
All strains tested proved that increase in resistance level was accompanied by steady increase in cross resistance of all tested compounds. All strains tested were in between vigor tolerance to true resistance ( positive cross resistance).Analysis of data showed that developed resistance strain exhibited a moderate level of resistance to the selected agent (chlorpyrifos).
Degree of dominance of resistance in F<sub>1</sub>a ( dTss males × dTrs females) and F<sub>2</sub>b (dTrs males × dTss females) exhibited a moderate level of recessive. Reciprocal crosses in F<sub>1 </sub>progney indicated that increase in LC<sub>50</sub> and slope in F<sub>2</sub>b ( heterozygous) was done.
Enzyme activity of acid phosphatase (Acph) and alkakine phosphatase ( Alkph) and transaminases enzyme were established for all strains. Generally, it was obvious that chlorpyrifos resistance in<em> S.littoralis</em> expressed as a high activity of enzyme was more exhibited in the developed and hybrid strains, while traditional strains recorded a fluctuated slightly levels.
Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-367761120151101STUDIES ON SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EGYPTIAN AND IRAQIAN HONEY.156715777543110.21608/jppp.2015.75431ENM. H. A.Al-MashhadaniPlant protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University.Journal Article20200304Eighteen honey samples were collected from Egyptian and Iraqian to evaluate some physical properties: Moisture(%), Total soluble solids(TSS), Electrical conductivity(EC), Viscosity and Specific gravity. The final results indicated that it was not found significant difference between Egyptian and Iraqian honeys in relation to moisture percentages. It not found significant differences between Egyptian and Iraqian honeys in relation to soluble solids (TSS%). The obtained results cleared that low significant differences between Egyptian and Iraqian honeys in relation to Electrical conductivity (EC). The results indicated that low significant differences between Egyptian and Iraqian honeys in relation to viscosity. In relation to specific gravity in both Egyptian and Iraqian honey samples, it not found significant differences between Egyptian honey (clover, citrus and cotton) and also between Iraqian honeys in all samples.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-367761120151101RESIDUAL ACTIVITY STUDY OF CERTAIN GROUND SPRAYING EQUIPMENT FOR CONTROLLING BEAN APHIDS WITH PRIMICARB INSECTICIDE ON Vicia fabae (L.) PLANTS IN EGYPT157915877543410.21608/jppp.2015.75434ENRehab A. A.Darspray technology Res., Dept., Plant Protec., Res., Inst., (A.R.C), Dokki, GizaLaila E. M.Seleman-Bollworm Res., Dept., Plant Protec., Res., Inst., (A.R.C), Dokki, GizaJournal Article20200304Field experiments were carried out in an area of about 2 feddan planted with bean plants variety (Sakha 2 ) <em>Vicia faba</em> (L).during season 2014 in 12<sup>th</sup> December at Sakha ,Kafr Elsheikh Governorate. The selected area was split into 7 plots including control plot. Primicarb was sprayed with the rate of recommended and 3/4 recomended dose rate and one treatment left without spraying as control by using Hydraulic Knapsack sprayer (Solo) (22 L./Fed.), Economy Micron ULVA sprayer (15 L/Fed.) and Conventional motor sprayer (Wisconson) (400 L/Fed.) Data indicated that, all tested doses revealed significant negative influenced on <em>Aphis fabae </em>survival. The most effective is total recommended dose followed by 3/4 recommended dose. It could be recommended to use these compound with LV spraying equipment with not less than (15L/Fed.).The data showed that Hydraulic Knapsack sprayer (Solo) was the pest equipment to control <em>Aphis</em> <em>fabae </em>on bean plants. The rate of performance of Solo sprayer was 10 Fed./day. It was the best equipment, but the lowest rate of performance was Wisconson motor sprayer since it could spray only 2.5 Fed./day.
Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-367761120151101HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS OF Rattus rattus frugivourus INFECTED WITH Echinostoma liei (JEYARASASINGAM, HEYNEMAN, LIM AND MANSOUR,1972 )158915987543910.21608/jppp.2015.75439ENKarima M.AzzamDepartment of Harmful Animals Research, Plant Protection Research Institute Agricultural Research Center, Dokky GizaNema El–AbdDepartment of Harmful Animals Research, Plant Protection Research Institute Agricultural Research Center, Dokky GizaEman A.Abd El–HadyDepartment of Harmful Animals Research, Plant Protection Research Institute Agricultural Research Center, Dokky GizaJournal Article20200304<em>Echinostoma liei</em> (Jeyarasasingam, Heyneman, Lim and Mansour, 1972), was used for the first time as bio control agent for the wild rat <em>Rattus rattus frugivorus </em>Rafinesque .
Two levels of infection were used (250 and 500 metacercariae / rat ) and histopathological alterations were studied in the affected organs ( intestine ,liver and testis ) . The investigation revealed that high infection of <em>E. liei </em>resulted in severe pathological alteration in rat intestine, and liver, such as edema, lymphocytic infiltration, necrosis and hemorrhage in the liver lead to death in addition to testis hypertrophy with seminiferous tubules devoid of spermsthatmay lead to sterility. Thus, <em>E. liei </em>could be considered a new effective biological agent for controlling wild rats causing either death or sterility and also safe to human since people in Egypt don’t eat fresh water snails either raw or cocked ).
Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-367761120151101AN EVALUATION OF TWO TOMATO CULTIVARS TO INFESTATION BY CERTAIN INSECT PESTS159916117544110.21608/jppp.2015.75441ENY. E. Y.AbdallahPlant Protection Dept., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, Egypt.Hana S. A.FarajPlant Protection Dept., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, Egypt.Journal Article20200304Experiments were carried out at tomato field at Qalyubyia Governorate, Egypt cultivated with two different cultivars to test its susceptibility to infestation with <em>Bemisia tabaci</em> (Gennadius); aphids {<em>Aphis gossypii</em> and <em>Myzus persicae</em> (Sülzer)}; <em>Empoasca decipiens</em> Paoli and <em>Tuta absoluta</em> (Meyrick) in addition to the seasonal abundance of these pests on the two cultivars in two successive summer seasons (2012 and 2013). Results indicated that <em>B. tabaci</em> and aphids had two peaks of abundance in May and June in both years on both cultivars.<em> E. decipiens</em> also had two peaks of abundance in May and June in both years with no significant difference between the two cultivars. The two tested cultivars almost harbored the same population density of the immature stages of <em>T. absoluta </em>during summer season, 2012. The pest had only one peak during the last week of May. There was negative and highly significant correlations between the population densities of all considered pests and the numbers of hairs (trichomes) present on tomato leaves sampled on 20 May and 4 June except for aphids which disappeared during hot summer months on the cultivar Hybrid Super. In the third sampling date (20 June, 2013), the correlation was also negative and highly significant with the population of <em>B. tabaci</em> and positive with the population of <em>T. absoluta</em>. The same trend was observed on the cultivar Crystal HYB. The effects of (N), (P) and (Ca) were positive and highly significant on all considered pests on both cultivars. The effect of (K) was negative and highly significant on all considered pests on both cultivars. The effect of (Mg) was positive and highly significant on the cultivar Hybrid; while it was negatively correlated with sap sucking pests only on the cultivar Crystal. Data indicate that the effect of Fe, Zn and Mn was positive and highly significant on both cultivars and Cu was negatively affected these pests on both cultivars.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-367761120151101STUDY ON SWARMING AND COLONY STRUCTURE OF HARVESTER TERMITE, Anacanthotermes ochraceus (BURM)161316217544510.21608/jppp.2015.75445ENA. R.El-BassiounyPlant Protection Res., Inst. Agric. Res. Center, Dokki, Giza., EgyptH. M.AhmedPlant Protection Res., Inst. Agric. Res. Center, Dokki, Giza., EgyptS. M.Abol-MaatyCentral Lab. of Agricultural Climate, Agric. Res. Center, Dokki, Giza., EgyptJournal Article20200304This work conducted inSharkia Governorate, data showed that, the highest number of foraged workers of<em> Anacanthotermes ochraceus</em> (Burm), was found during spring and autumn, 2014, and the lowest was occurred in summer season, the numbers begun increased gradually in January, February, March, April and May, then decreased in Jun, July and August. Workers caste represented (77.73% of total colony). Nymphs showed that, the largest number occurred during autumn, and the least was occurred in summer, begun increased in Jan., February, March, April and May, then decreased in Jun-July and Nov-Dec. Nymphs represented (13.36% of total colony). Soldiers caste were highest during autumn in Sept., then decreased during winter in Nov.- Feb., and began to rise again during March, April and May, while the least number occurred during summer in June-July. Soldiers represented (7.29% of total colony), and showed highly rates correlated with the swarmers and the various forms<strong>.</strong> Swarmers or "alates" were found highly during April and Oct., and the lowest rate occurred in Feb. Crowds of swarmers appeared twice during the year in February, March, April and May, then disappeared and reappeared again in Sept., Oct. and Nov., the swarming were found in spring and autumn seasons and represented (1.69 % of total colony).
Termite castes were abundant in two periods/year in spring and autumn when max., temperature of soil temperature ranged between (25-35ºC), the mini., soil temperature ranged between (13-27ºC), the rainfall were (0.0, 33.0 and 97.6 m<sup>3</sup>/Inch<sup>2</sup>), and the relative humidity higher than (70%), while castes were lower in summer and winter seasons when soil max., temperature were less than (25 ºC) and higher than (35 ºC), the mini., temperature ranged between (8-26 ºC), the rainfall higher than (100 m<sup>3</sup>/Inch<sup>2</sup>), and the relative humidity less than (70%).
Crowds of swarmers avoid time rainfall and appeared profusely in the periods after the rain when the weather is warm and the soil is moist, the homeowners begun to see winged termites emerge in large numbers inside their home on the soil surface.
Statistical analysis showed no significant for tested factors, while were significant with R.H. was the main reason for this effect.
Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-367761120151101HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF GLYPHOSATE HERBICIDE ON DIFFERENT ORGANS OF MALE AND FEMALE ALBINO RATS162316317544810.21608/jppp.2015.75448ENNema M.EL- AbdPlant Protection Research Institute, Agric. Res. Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20200304The effect of major herbicide used worldwide glyphosate was studied on some organs of mature male and female albino rats (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>). The LC<sub>50</sub> was determined for glyphosate was 9.7% as crushed maize bait.Animals were fed on bait treated with (1\2 LC<sub>50</sub>) for 15 days. The organs were collected two weeks after treatment and fixed in 10% formalin saline. The results revealed that the liver of male showed necrosis of some hepatocytes with infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells, while the liver of females showed necrosis of some hepatocytes and dilation of blood vessels surrounded by fibrin with activation of vankopfer cells. Hemorrhage, infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells and necrosis of cells lining renal tubes were observed in the kidney of male, while in female ,granular degeneration changes of cells lining renal tubes with infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells and hyper cellularity of glomeruli with thrombosis of some blood vessels were recorded . The lung of male showed congestion of blood vessels and thickening of its wall, hyper proliferation of cells lining bronchial, infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cell and thickening of interstitial wall, whereas hemorrhage, swelling of endothelial cells lining blood vessels, infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells and emphysema were observed in the lung of female.