Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-36776320150301INVESTIGATION OF SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE MECHANISMS OF SOME EGYPTIAN WHEAT CULTIVARS (Triticum aestivum L.) INOCULATED WITH Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici USING CERTAIN BIOCHEMICAL, MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND SEM4314545330510.21608/jppp.2015.53305ENY. M.HafezPlant Pathology Branch, Agricultural Botany Dept.Kh. A.A.AbdelaalAgricultural Botany Branch, Agricultural Botany Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, EgyptJournal Article20191014 Two greenhouse experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt, during two seasons (2012-2013 and 2013-2014) to study biochemical, molecular characterization and SEM investigation of susceptibility and resistance mechanisms of ten Egyptian wheat cultivars (Sakha 93, Sakha 94, Sids 12, Sids 13, Giza 160, Giza 168, Giza 171, Misr 1, Misr 2 and Gemmiza 11) inoculated with<em> Blumeria graminis</em> f. sp. <em>tritici</em> fungus the causal organism of wheat powdery mildew.This disease one of most important diseases of wheat worldwide. Chemical and biological control methods are used routinely to control the disease. However, resistant cultivars are still the best control strategy. Consequently, characterization of susceptibility and resistance mechanisms is very important and required essentially. In wheat susceptible cultivars (Sakha 93, Sakha 94, Sids 12 and Sids 13), moderately susceptible (Giza 160), moderately resistant (Giza 168, Giza 171, Misr 1), resistant (Misr 2) and highly resistant cultivars Gemmiza 11) when inoculated with powdery mildew fungus, the percent of disease severity were significantly decreased in resistant cultivars compared with susceptible ones. Indeed the disease symptoms and electrolyte leakage were also significantly decreased in resistant cultivars. As well as levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide (O<sub>2</sub><sup>·-</sup>) and hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) significantly accumulated early 6 and 12 hours after inoculation (hai) in the resistant cultivars. Consequently, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX) enzyme activities were significantly stimulated at 24-72 hai. Significant increase of chlorophyll a and b concentrations was found. However, in the susceptible inoculated cultivars, the fungus was intensively colonized with huge quantity of conidia spores compared with the moderately resistant, resistant and highly resistant cultivars using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Molecular investigations using PCR (SSR) technique proved that the resistant gene <em>Pm38</em> over expressed and accumulated in resistant cultivars not in susceptible ones. Expression of <em>Pm38</em> gene was correlated with the resistance degrees. It can be recommended giving more attention to these new mechanisms of resistance to improve and find out new resistant cultivars which over expressed new resistant-mediated-ROS genes.
Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-36776320150301EARLY ACCUMULATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES HAS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN NON-HOST RESISTANCE MECHANISMS IN LEGUME AND CEREAL PLANTS TO THE INCOMPATIBLE PATHOGENS4554725330610.21608/jppp.2015.53306ENY. M.HafezPlant Pathology Branch, Agricultural Botany Dept.Journal Article20191014Most of plants under normal conditions are resistant to most of the incompatible pathogens (viral, fungal and bacterial infections). This is called ״non-host resistance (NHR) phenomenon״. It is very important to answer the question, why non-host plants are resistant? As a result of inoculation of legume (pea and soybean) and cereal (barley and wheat) plants with compatible and incompatible pathogens, strong resistance symptoms were observed in the non-host/incompatible pathogen combinations as compared with host/compatible pathogen combinations which showed severe infection (susceptibility). Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mainly hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and superoxide (O<sub>2</sub><sup>.-</sup>) were significantly increased early 6, 12, 24 and 36 hours after inoculation (hai) in the non-host plants as compared with host plants. Interestingly enough that the activities of the antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and peroxidase (POX) were not significantly increased at the same early time 6 - 36 hai in the non-host plants. However, these enzymes were significantly increased later on 48, 72 and 96 dai in the non-host plants as compared with host plants. It seems that early accumulation of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub><sup>.-</sup> could have a dual roles, first role is inhibiting or killing the pathogens early in the non-host plants, second immunization of the non-host plants by stimulating the activities of the antioxidant enzymes later on which thereby, neutralize the harmful effect of ROS and consequently suppressing disease symptoms. The author recommends giving more attention to these new mechanisms of non-host resistance particularly in relation to ROS levels and antioxidant activities which are very important for plant breeders and useful for finding alternative control strategies as well.
Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-36776320150301SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOME EGYPTIAN LEGUME VARIETIES TO THE INFESTATION WITH THE COWPEA BEETLE, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE).4734805330810.21608/jppp.2015.53308ENM. A.MahmoudPlant Protection Dept., Fac. Agric., Al-Azhar Univ., EgyptA. I. A.FarghalPlant Protection Dept., Fac. Agric., Assiut Univ., EgyptY. M.OmarPlant Protection Dept., Fac. Agric., Assiut Univ., EgyptR. E.HassanPlant Protection Dept., Fac. Agric., Assiut Univ., EgyptJournal Article20191014<span>The present investigation is carried out to evaluate the relative susceptibility of eight legume varieties to the infestation with the cowpea beetle, <em>Callosobruchus maculatus</em> (F.). The loss in grain weight and the percentage of infested grains were determined in choice and force infestation tests. The obtained results, either in the choice or non-choice infestation tests, indicated that, none of the tested varieties were completely resistant against the attack by the pest but their susceptibility to the infestation varied considerably. Regardless of legume variety, cowpea varieties showed high susceptibility to the infestation by <em>C. maculatus</em>. While, faba bean and lentil varieties were the least ones and chickpea varieties were found to be inbetween.</span>
<span>Cowpea variety (Dokki 331) was the most susceptible variety resulted in an average infestation level of 90.33%, and a maximum weight loss of 15.29 g/100 g seeds. However, lentil variety (Giza 370) was the least susceptible one with an average infestation level of 2.33%, and a minimum weight loss of 2.99 g/100 g. seeds. A significant positive correlation was found between the infestation of grains and weight loss (r= 0.94** - 0.98**). </span>
Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-36776320150301POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE SEYCHELLARUM MEALYBUG, Icerya seychellarum (WESTWOOD) (HEMIPTERA: MARGARODIDAE) ON THE ORNAMENTAL PLANT, Hedera helix l.4814985331010.21608/jppp.2015.53310ENGhada S.MohamedDepartment of plant protection, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley UniversityJournal Article20191014The seasonal population dynamics and within- plant distribution of the seychellarum mealybug, <em>Icerya seychellarum</em> on <em>Hedera helix</em> plants was carried out at the Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University during two successive seasons, 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. Results of both seasons revealed that the highest numbers of nymphs and the total number of the pest were recorded during the last week of August. The highest percentages of the total monthly mean count (out of the total year count) were found to be 30.57and 33.24%, in August during the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> years, respectively. In addition, mealybug has four generations per year under the field conditions. The effect of weather elements on the pest population was also studied. Concerning the plant heights leaves and branches, the results indicated that the bottom portion had more insects than those of the middle or the top portions. As for the leaf surface, the lower surface sheltered more individuals than those of the upper surface. Leaves harbored a large number of insects than those of branches. Differences in seasonal patterns and within plant distribution should be considered in developing sampling protocols and managing plans for seychellarum mealybug control.
Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-36776320150301AN EVALUATION OF TWO TOMATO CULTIVARS TO INFESTATION BY CERTAIN INSECT PESTS4995125333210.21608/jppp.2015.53332ENY. E.Y.AbdallahDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptHana S.A.FarajDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptJournal Article20191014Field experiments were carried out to investigate the seasonal abundance and population dynamics of certain tomato pests viz.; tomato whitefly, <em>Bemisia tabaci</em> (Gennadius), aphids (cotton aphid, <em>Aphis gossypii</em> Glover and green peach aphid, <em>Myzus persicae</em> Sülzer), potato leafhopper, <em>Empoasca decipiens</em> Paoli and tomato leafminer, <em>Tuta absoluta</em> (Meyrick) and evaluate the susceptibility of two tomato cultivars (Hybrid Super Strain BF<sub>1</sub> and Super Crystal HYB) to the infestation with these pests as a major component of the integrated pest management in clean and organic agriculture that rationalize the unwise use of pesticides and accordingly producing safe food. Obtained results revealed that <em>B. tabaci</em> had 2-3 peaks of abundance during summer seasons 2012 & 2013 on both cultivars. Aphids and <em>E. decipiens</em> had 1-2 peaks each season. On the other hand, <em>T. absoluta</em> had only one peak during both seasons. Data also revealed the presence of negative and highly significant correlation between the population densities of all investigated pests and the numbers of non-glandular hairs on tomato leaves. The effect of nitrogen and calcium on all investigated pests was positive and highly significant; while the effect of potassium was negative and highly significant. The effect of phosphorus was positive and highly significant on all sap sucking pests on the cultivar Crystal HYB; while magnesium had positive and highly significant effect on the investigated pests on the cultivar Hybrid Super. The effect of iron, zinc and manganese was positive and highly significant and cupper was negatively affected these pests on both cultivars.
Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-36776320150301EFFICACY OF CERTAIN ACARICIDES AGAINST Tetranychus urticae AND THEIR SIDE EFFECTS ON NATURAL ENEMIES, Phytoseiulus persimilis AND Stethorus gilvifrons5135255333510.21608/jppp.2015.53335ENAlyaa A.TawfikPlant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.Laila R. A.ElgoharyPesticide Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt.Journal Article20191014
The objective of this study was conducted to determine the efficacy of five acaricides; Abamectin, Emamectin benzoate, Acequinocyl, Chlorfenapyr and Hexythiazox against <em>Tetranychus urticae</em> and its natural enemies, <em>Phytoseiulus persimilis</em> and <em>Stethorus gilvifrons</em>. The tested acaricides were arranged in a descending order of speed of action against <em>T. urticae</em> as follows: Abamectin, Emamectin benzoate, Acequinocyl, Chlorfenapyr and Hexythiazox with LT<sub>50;</sub> 1.77, 2.85, 3.16, 3.94and 4.55 days, however, the corresponding speed action index were 100.00, 62.11, 56.01, 44.92 and 38.90%, respectively. Concerning <em>P. persimilis</em>, Abamectin was the slowest Speed of action compared with other tested acaricides (LT<sub>50</sub>= 4.31 days) followed by Acequinocyl, Emamectin benzoate, Chlorfenapyr and Hexythiazox with LT<sub>50</sub>; 2.90, 1.78, 1.38 and 1.03 days and the corresponding speed action index of 23.90, 35.52, 57.87, 74.64 and 100.00 %, respectively. Also, Abamectin recorded the lowest Speed of action against <em>S. gilvifrons</em> (LT<sub>50</sub>= 4.16 days) followed by Acequinocyl, Emamectin benzoate, Hexythiazox and Chlorfenapyr with LT<sub>50</sub>; 2.81, 2.61, 1.89 and 1.85 days and the corresponding speed action index of 44.47, 65.84, 70.88, 97.88 and 100.00 %, respectively. Reviewing the obtained results, it can be noticed that Abamectin was the quickest in its action against <em>T. urticae </em>and the slowest against <em>P. </em><em>persimilis</em> and<em> S. gilvifrons</em>compared with other tested acaricides. The efficacy of the tested acaricides on the population density of<em> T. urticae</em> could be arranged according to the general mean of reduction percentage in a descending order as follows: Abamectin, Acequinocyl, Hexythiazox, Emamectin benzoate and Chlorfenapyr which recorded 83.29, 66.06, 56.40, 53.02 and 25.67% reduction, respectively.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-36776320150301ECONOMIC ARTIFICIAL DIETS FOR REARING SPINY BOLLWORM, Earias insulana (BOISD.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)5275345333610.21608/jppp.2015.53336ENA. E. A.AmerPlant Protection Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20191014The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the use of four artificial diets that don’t contain agar and less expensive for mass rearing the spiny bollworm as compared to the agar – based artificial diet. These four diets A, B, C and D contained dried active yeast, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, methyl parahydroxy benzoate, starch, liquid milk, vitamin mixture and formaldehyde 34 - 38%, except diet A not containing starch. In addition to the essential ingredient in diet A is kidney beans and wheat grated, diet B is kidney beans and soybeans flower , diet C is kidney beans and diet D is kidney beans and yellow lentils .The obtained results showed that the mean larval and pupal durations were affected significantly by diets A & B and non-significantly by diets C & D as compared with control diet .The longest larval and pupal periods were on control diet and shortest were on diet A .Weight of larvae and pupae reared on diets A, B, C and D were significantly higher than those of the larvae and pupae reared on control diet .The larval fed on the diet A gave the highest larval and pupal weights, while those fed on control diet gave the lowest weights .The highest larval and pupal mortality percentages were on control diet followed by diets C, B, D and A. The lowest pupation and emergence percentages were on control diet and the highest were on diet A .The highest number of deposited eggs and hatchability percentage were observed on diet A followed by diets B, D and C and the lowest were on control diet .The growth index and fitness index were highest on diet A and the lowest were on control diet. Moreover, the total cost of ingredients reduced by 5911 , 43.88 , 43.75 and 45.24% per 1000 g. diet of diets A, B, C and D, respectively as compared to the agar – based control diet.Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-36776320150301EFFICACY OF SOME BIOAGENTS AND NEMASTOP COMPOUND IN CONTROLLING ROOT KNOT DISEASE ON PEANUT.5355475334010.21608/jppp.2015.53340ENHowida A.MetwalyCentral Laboratory of Organic Agriculture, Agricultural Research Center,Giza, Egypt.Hanaa S.ZawamNematode Research Department,Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20191014Biological control of plant diseases especially root knot nematode has been handled in many scientific papers. <em>Bacillus subtilis</em>,<em> Trichoderma harzianum </em>(T1), <em>T. viride </em>(T2), mixture of both (T1andT2) in addition to the commercial product Nemastop were used under field conditions to control root knot nematode, <em>Meloidogyne javanica</em> Chitwood on peanut plants which was the most frequent extracted from soil and roots .
The efficacy of the treatments at different concentrations was also assayed under laboratory conditions as percentage of juvenile mortality and inhibition of egg hatching. All treatments revealed good effect in controlling root-knot at the highest concentrations, Nemastop was the most effective at(1:10), whereas, <em>B. subtilis </em>was the lowest one. Results obtained from field experiments were in harmony with those obtained from laboratory compared with control. Efficacy of the treatment also positively correlated with number of application time. The plot treated with any one of the bioagents tested three times achieved highest effect in controlling root knot nematode and increased peanut yield. Under field condition mixture of <em>Trichoderma </em>isolates was the most effective followed by Nemastop.
Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-36776320150301SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOME WHEAT AND RICE VARIETIES TO Sitophilus oryzae (L.) AND Rhizopertha dominica (F.) INFESTATION5495545334210.21608/jppp.2015.53342ENH. B. H.HussainPlant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Egypt.M. E. H.NasrPlant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Egypt.Journal Article20191014Susceptibility of four varieties of wheat ( Egypt 1, Egypt 2, Gemmiza 11and Sids 12), and five rice varieties ( Egypt 1, Egypt 2, Giza 179, Sakha 105 and Sakha 106) for infestation by <em>Sitophilus oryzae</em> (L.) and <em>Rhizopertha dominica</em> (F.) were evaluated in the laboratory at 28 ± 1ºc and 65 ± 5 % R.H.
The results showed significant differences between various wheat varieties in the growth index of <em>S .oryzae</em>, it was comparatively higher in the varieties Gemmiza 11 and Egypt 1 than varieties Egypt 2 and Sids 12. Also, Egypt 1 was the least susceptible to <em>R. dominica</em> with lowest percent of weight loss (3.80%).
In case of rice varieties data revealed that, Giza 179 and Egypt 2 varieties were the least susceptible to <em>S. oryzae</em> by lowest values of growth index (0.38 and 0.90, respectively ) and corresponding values of weight loss (0.16 and 0.38% ,resp.), with significant differences when compared with all varieties. While, Sakha 105 variety was most resistance to <em>R. dominica </em>by growth index (1.27) and least value of weight loss (0.29%).A significant effect of grain moisture contents on susceptibility/resistance against <em>S. oryzae </em>and<em> R. dominica .</em>Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-36776320150301FIELD AND LABORATORY TRIALS TO EVALUATE CERTAIN SINGLE AND TRIPLE CROSSES OF MAIZE HYBRIDS FOR THEIR RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SPIDER MITE Tetranychus urticae KOCH INFESTATION IN RELATION TO LEAVES PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS (ACARI: ACTENIDIDA: TETRANYCHIDAE)5555625334610.21608/jppp.2015.53346ENMariam A.El-SanadyPlant Protection Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20191014Field and laboratory trials were carried out to evaluate six maize hybrids of each single and three-way crosses for their relative susceptibility to spider mite, <em>Tetranychus urticae</em> Koch infestation, in relation to leaves phytochemical analysis. Obtained data cleared that the triple hybrids were more infestation than single crosses hybrids during the course of study. The level infestation of single crosses hybrids could be divided into two categories; resistance and moderate infestation, while the triple crosses hybrids could be divided into three categories, moderate, susceptible and highly susceptible to spider mite infestation. Phytochemical components, the total carbohydrates, total protein, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were estimated and demonstrated that there were correlation between spider mite level infestation and leaves phytochemical constituents.
Mansoura University, Faculty of AgricultureJournal of Plant Protection and Pathology2090-36776320150301DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOTYPE COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR PREDICTING Rhopalosiphum maidis (FITCH) ABUNDANCE ON BARLEY IN EGYPT5635855334910.21608/jppp.2015.53349ENMonira M.El-FatihPlant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.S. ElnagarDepartment of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo UniversityM. A. K.El-SheikhDepartment of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo UniversityM. A.El-HariryPlant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20191014The obtained data of seasonal abundance of the corn leaf aphid, <em>Rhopalosiphum maidis</em> (Fitch) (Homoptera: Aphididae) in relation to climatic factors, sowing dates, plant growth stage and fertilization rates were used to develop a prototype computer program to predict aphids' abundance on barley at different planting dates in relation to plant growth stages. This prototype program is a first step towards developing an expert system for prediction of aphids on barley in Egypt.